| 1᠂ ︽ᠭᠠᠩᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ︾ — ︽ᠭᠠᠩᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ︾ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠤᠮᠪᠣᠵᠠᠪ | ᠭᠦᠩ ᠤᠨ 1725 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠲᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ | ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ︽ᠭᠠᠩᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ︾ ᠢ 1980 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠴᠣᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ | ᠬᠠᠷᠭᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠨ᠂ ︽ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠ︾ | ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠤᠷᠢᠳ ᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠦᠷ | ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠥᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | | 2᠂ ︽ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠳ ᠭᠠᠷᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ︾ — ︽ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠳ ᠭᠠᠷᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ︾ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ | ᠭᠤᠮᠪᠣᠵᠠᠪ ᠭᠦᠩ ᠤᠨ 1740 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ1742 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠣᠨᠳᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ | ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ︽ᠭᠤᠮᠪᠣᠵᠠᠪ ᠤᠨ | ᠲᠣᠯᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ | | 3᠂ ︽ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠢᠯᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ — ︽ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠶᠢ | ᠬᠢᠯᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠢ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠤᠮᠪᠣᠵᠠᠪ ᠭᠦᠩ ᠮᠥᠨ 18 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ | ᠳᠥᠴᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠤᠮᠪᠣᠵᠠᠪ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠰᠢᠬᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢᠴᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ | ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠢᠷᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | | 4᠂ ︽ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ︾ — ︽ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ | ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ︾ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠤᠮᠪᠣᠵᠠᠪ ᠭᠦᠩ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ︽ | ᠭᠠᠩᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ︾ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ | | 5᠂ ︽ᠡᠯᠳᠡᠪ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠦ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ︾ — ︽ᠡᠯᠳᠡᠪ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠦ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ | ᠳᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ︾ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠡᠮᠨᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠤᠮᠪᠣᠵᠠᠪ ᠭᠦᠩ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠲᠤᠰ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠢ ︽ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ 2 ︵ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ︶︾ ᠳᠤ᠄ ︽ | ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠦᠩ ᠭᠤᠮᠪᠣᠵᠠᠪ ᠤᠨ ﹇ᠡᠯᠳᠡᠪ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠦ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ﹈︾ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ | ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠮ᠂ ᠶᠠᠩᠵᠤ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ | ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠡᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ | | 6᠂ ︽ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠲᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠳᠡᠭᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠴᠢ | ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠢ︾ — ︽ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠲᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠳᠡᠭᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠶᠢ | ᠠᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠢ︾ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠣᠯᠤᠮ ᠷᠠᠪᠵᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠳᠠᠭᠵᠢᠨᠳᠠᠭᠪᠠ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠲᠤᠰ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠢ ︽ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ 2 ︵ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ︶ ᠳᠤ᠄ ︽ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ | ᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ᠂ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠡᠳ ᠨᠣᠮ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ | ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠣᠯᠤᠮ ᠷᠠᠪᠵᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠳᠠᠭᠵᠢᠨᠳᠠᠭᠪᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ︵ | 18 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠰ︶᠂ ︵ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠯᠲᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠳᠡᠭᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠢ︶ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠬᠤ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ | ᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ︽ᠡᠨᠡ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ | ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ | | 7᠂ ︽ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠪᠤᠳ ᠡᠷᠢᠬᠡ︾ — ︽ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠪᠤᠳ ᠡᠷᠢᠬᠡ︾ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ | ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠯᠠᠲᠤ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠷᠠᠪᠵᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨᠡ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ 1936 ᠣᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯ᠂ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ | ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ 12 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠱᠣᠢ ᠰᠡᠴᠡᠨ ᠴᠢᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠰᠣᠳᠨᠠᠮᠷᠠᠪᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ | ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠭᠯᠢᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠣᠭᠰᠣᠯᠲᠠ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ | ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠣᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ | ᠲᠤᠰ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ | ᠭᠠᠩᠳᠤᠩᠳᠧᠴᠢᠯᠢᠩ ᠬᠡᠶᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠱᠠᠪᠢ ᠳᠠᠸᠠᠰᠠᠮᠪᠦᠦ ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠢ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ | ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠫ᠊᠂ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠨᠥᠬᠦᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠨᠥᠬᠦᠷ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ | ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ᠂ 1989 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ | ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭᠠᠪᠠ᠃ | | 8᠂ ︽ᠢᠨᠵᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ︾ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ — ᠮᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ | ᠢᠨᠵᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠡᠳ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ | ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯ 1966 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠬᠡᠶᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠬᠢᠭᠳᠠᠯ | ᠠᠴᠠ ᠵᠣᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠤᠴᠣᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠰᠤᠭ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠳᠡ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ | ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ᠂ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠡᠳ ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ | ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠨ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠪᠠ | ᠢᠨᠵᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠡᠳ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ ᠠᠳᠡᠬᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ᠂ ᠯᠠᠮᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠪᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ︽ | ᠲᠠᠩᠽᠢ︾ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠭᠡᠨᠡ᠃ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷ ︽ᠲᠠᠩᠽᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ | ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠱᠠᠬᠢᠵᠠᠮᠤᠨᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠰᠢᠬᠢ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ | ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠡᠳ 1721 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠭᠡᠵᠦ᠂ 1721 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠨᠵᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ | ᠶᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠰᠢᠬᠢ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠂ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠵᠢᠴᠢ | 7 ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢ ᠨᠠᠮᠲᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠴᠢ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ | ᠢ ᠣᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂1916 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠨᠵᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠷᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨᠳᠣᠪᠳᠤᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠨ | ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠭᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠡᠨᠡ | ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ 1916 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠪᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠨᠵᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ︽ᠲᠠᠩᠽᠢ︾ | ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠯᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠨᠥᠭᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ | ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢᠬᠠᠨ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ | | 9᠂ ︽ᠷᠠᠪ ᠵᠠᠯᠠ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠰᠢᠷᠣᠢ ᠦᠬᠡᠷ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠯᠢᠳ᠋︾ — ᠲᠤᠰ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠢᠨᠵᠠᠭᠠᠨ | ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠩ ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ | ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷᠯᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ 8.5cm ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠨᠢ 23cm ᠬᠢᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ 40 ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨᠰᠣ 80 | ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠢ 1948 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠪᠦᠯ ᠢᠨᠵᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ᠂ | 1949 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠭᠡᠨᠡ᠃ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠤ | ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠰᠢᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠨᠵᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠶᠢ | ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠰᠢᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠣᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ᠂1000 ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ | ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ | ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠨᠢ᠂ 1949 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠷᠠᠭᠴᠢᠨ ᠦᠬᠡᠷ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠤᠯᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠬᠠᠢ ︵ | ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︶ — ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ᠂ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ᠂ ᠨᠠᠷᠠ᠂ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠭᠬᠢᠷᠲᠦᠬᠦ᠂ ᠡᠰᠢ | ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ | ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠵᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠨᠢ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷᠠᠭᠴᠢᠨ | ᠦᠬᠡᠷ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠤᠯᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤᠷ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠬᠠᠨ | ᠦᠬᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠬᠡ ᠤᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠮᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ | ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠶᠢᠪᠡᠷ ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠣᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ 1940 ᠭᠡᠳ | ᠣᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠬᠡᠶᠢᠳ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ | ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ᠂ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠤᠯᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ᠂ ᠬᠢᠷᠢ | ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠤᠶᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠣᠷ ᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ | | 10᠂ ︽ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠭ᠍ᠮᠢᠳᠳᠠᠨᠽᠠᠨᠵᠠᠮᠰᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠪᠠᠢ︾ | ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ — ᠲᠤᠰ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠭᠦᠮᠪᠦᠮ ᠬᠡᠶᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠤᠤᠰᠢ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠦᠮᠪᠦᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ | ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠤᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠳᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ | ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠢᠨᠵᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ | ᠰᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠯᠠᠮᠠ — ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠯᠣᠪᠰᠠᠩᠨᠢᠩᠷᠠᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠭᠰᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ | ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠷᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨᠳᠣᠪᠳᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ 6 ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ | ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠶᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠠᠮᠲᠠᠷᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠣᠳᠣ | ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠢ ᠬᠥᠮᠥᠨ᠂ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ᠂ ᠴᠠᠭ᠂ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ | ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠤᠰᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠨᠡᠬᠡᠷ ᠲᠤᠶᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠣᠷ ᠨᠠᠨᠳᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠡ ᠥᠷᠲᠡᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠢ | ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠶᠢᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠨᠵᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠦᠮᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠰᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ | ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠯᠡ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ | | ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠬᠢ 10 ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠣᠳᠣ | ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ | ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ | ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ᠃ | | |